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The Islamic and Christian views of Jesus: a comparison

 The Islamic and Christian views of Jesus: a comparison

The Islamic and Christian views of Jesus: a comparison

 

The person of Jesus or Isa in Arabic (peace be upon him) is of great significance in both Islam and Christianity. However, there are differences in terms of beliefs about the nature and life occurrences of this noble Messenger.

 

Source of information about Jesus in Islam

 

Most of the Islamic information about Jesus is actually found in the Quran.

 

The Quran was revealed by God to Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), and memorized and written down in his lifetime. Today, anyone who calls him or herself a Muslim believes in the complete authenticity of the Quran as the original revealed guidance from God.

 

Source of information about Jesus in Christianity

 

Christians take their information about Jesus from the Bible, which includes the Old and New Testaments.

 

These contain four biblical narratives covering the life and death of Jesus. They have been written, according to tradition, respectively by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They are placed at the beginning of the New Testament and comprise close to half of it.

 

Encyclopedia Britannica notes that none of the sources of his life and work can be traced to Jesus himself; he did not leave a single known written word. Also, there are no contemporary accounts written of his life and death. What can be established about the historical Jesus depends almost without exception on Christian traditions, especially on the material used in the composition of the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, which reflect the outlook of the later church and its faith in Jesus.

 

Below are the views of Islam and Christianity based on primary source texts and core beliefs.

 

ISLAM

 

1. Do Muslims believe he was a Messenger of One God? YES

 

Belief in all of the Prophets and Messengers of God is a fundamental article of faith in Islam. Thus, believing in Prophets Adam, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon them) is a requirement for anyone who calls him or herself a Muslim. A person claiming to be a Muslim who, for instance, denies the Messengership of Jesus, is not considered a Muslim.

 

The Quran says in reference to the status of Jesus as a Messenger:

 

"The Messiah (Jesus), son of Mary, was no more than a Messenger before whom many Messengers have passed away; and his mother adhered wholly to truthfulness, and they both ate food (as other mortals do). See how We make Our signs clear to them; and see where they are turning away!" (Quran 5:75).

 

2. Do Muslims believe he was born of a Virgin Mother? YES

 

Like Christians, Muslims believe Mary, Maria in Spanish, or Maryam as she is called in Arabic, was a chaste, virgin woman, who miraculously gave birth to Jesus.

 

"Relate in the Book the story of Mary, when she withdrew from her family, to a place in the East. She screened herself from them; then We sent to her Our spirit (angel Gabriel) and he appeared before her as a man in all respects. She said: I seek refuge from you in God Most Gracious (come not near) if you do fear God. He said: Nay, I am only a Messenger from your Lord, to announce to you the gift of a pure son. She said: How shall I have a son, when no man has ever touched me, and I am not unchaste? He said: So it will be, your Lord says: ‘That is easy for Me; and We wish to appoint him as a sign unto men and a Mercy from Us': It was a matter so decreed" (Quran 19:16-21).

 

3. Do Muslims believe Jesus had a miraculous birth? YES

 

The Quran says:

 

"She (Mary) said: ‘O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man has touched me.' He (God) said: ‘So (it will be) for God creates what He wills. When He has decreed something, He says to it only: ‘Be!'- and it is" (3:47).

 

It should also be noted about his birth that:

 

"Verily, the likeness of Jesus in God's Sight is the likeness of Adam. He (God) created him from dust, then (He) said to him: ‘Be!'-and he was" (Quran 3:59).

 

4. Do Muslims believe Jesus spoke in the cradle? YES

 

"Then she (Mary) pointed to him. They said: ‘How can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?' He (Jesus) said: ‘Verily! I am a slave of God, He has given me the Scripture and made me a Prophet; " (19:29-30).

 

5. Do Muslims believe he performed miracles? YES

 

Muslims, like Christians believe Jesus performed miracles. But these were performed by the will and permission of God, Who has power and control over all things.

 

"Then will God say: ‘O Jesus the son of Mary! recount My favor to you and to your mother. Behold! I strengthened you with the Holy Spirit (the angel Gabriel) so that you did speak to the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught you the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel. And behold: you make out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by My leave, and you breathe into it, and it becomes a bird by My leave, and you heal those born blind, and the lepers by My leave. And behold! you bring forth the dead by My leave. And behold! I did restrain the children of Israel from (violence to you) when you did show them the Clear Signs, and the unbelievers among them said: ‘This is nothing but evident magic' (5:110).

 

6. Do Muslims believe in the Trinity? NO

 

Muslims believe in the Absolute Oneness of God, Who is a Supreme Being free of human limitations, needs and wants. He has no partners in His Divinity. He is the Creator of everything and is completely separate from His creation.

 

God says in the Quran regarding the Trinity:

 

"People of the Book (Jews and Christians)! Do not exceed the limits in your religion, and attribute to God nothing except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was only a Messenger of God, and His command that He conveyed unto Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in God and in His Messengers, and do not say: ‘God is a Trinity.' Give up this assertion; it would be better for you. God is indeed just One God. Far be it from His glory that He should have a son. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and in the earth. God is sufficient for a guardian" (Quran 4:171).

 

7. Do Muslims believe that Jesus was the son of God? NO

 

"Say: "God is Unique! God, the Source [of everything]. He has not fathered anyone nor was He fathered, and there is nothing comparable to Him!" (Quran 112:1-4).

 

The Quran also states:

 

"Such was Jesus, the son of Mary; it is a statement of truth, about which they vainly dispute. It is not befitting to the majesty of God, that He should beget a son. Glory be to Him! When He determines a matter, He only says to it, ‘Be' and it is" (Quran 19:34-35).

 

8. Do Muslims believe Jesus was killed on the cross then resurrected? NO

 

"“They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but they thought they did.” (Quran 4:156) “God lifted him up to His presence. God is Almighty, All-Wise” (Quran 4:157) .

 

 

 

CHRISTIANITY

 

1. Do Christians believe Jesus was a human being and Messenger of God? YES & NO

 

With the exception of Unitarian Christians, who like all the early followers of Jesus, still do not believe in the Trinity, most Christians now believe in the Divinity of Jesus, which is connected to the belief in Trinity. They say he is the second member of the Triune God, the Son of the first part of the Triune God, and at the same time "fully" God in every respect.

 

2. Do Christians believe he was born of a Virgin Mother? YES

 

A chaste and pious human woman who gave birth to Jesus Christ, the second member of the Trinity, the Son of God, and at the same time "fully" God Almighty in every respect.

 

Christians believe however, that while she was a virgin, she was married to a man named Joseph (Bible: Matthew:1:18). According to Matthew 1:25, Joseph "kept her a virgin until she gave birth to a Son; and he called His name Jesus".

 

3. Do Christians believe he had a miraculous birth? YES

 

"Now the birth of Jesus Christ was as follows. When His mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together, she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit" (Bible: Matthew 1:18)

 

4. Do Christians believe he performed miracles? YES

 

"And now, Lord, look upon their threats, and grant to thy servants to speak thy word with all boldness, while thou stretches out thy hand to heal, and sign and wonders are performed through the name of thy holy servant Jesus (Bible: Acts 4:30).

 

Christians believe that Jesus performed these miracles because he was the Son of God as well as the incarnation of God.

 

5. Do Christians believe in the Trinity? YES

 

With the exception of the Unitarian Christians, who do not believe in the Divinity of Christ, the Trinity, according to the Catholic encyclopedia, is the term used for the central doctrine of the Christian religion. The belief is that in the unity of the Godhead there are Three Persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. These three Persons or beings are distinct from each another, while being similar in character: uncreated and omnipotent.

 

The First Vatican Council has explained the meaning to be attributed to the term mystery in theology. It lays down that a mystery is a truth which we are not merely incapable of discovering apart from Divine Revelation, but which, even when revealed, remains "hidden by the veil of faith and enveloped, so to speak, by a kind of darkness" (Const., "De fide. cath.", iv). The First Vatican Council further defined that the Christian Faith contains mysteries strictly so called (can. 4). All theologians admit that the doctrine of the Trinity is of the number of these. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that of all revealed truths, this is the most impenetrable to reason.

 

6. Do Christians believe that Jesus was the son of God? YES

 

"For God so loved the world that He gave His only Son that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life. For God sent the Son into the world, not to condemn the world, but that the world might be saved through Him (Bible: John 3:16).

 

However, it is interesting to note that the term "son of God" is used in other parts of the Bible to refer to Adam (Bible: Luke 3:38), Israel (Bible: Exodus 4:22) and David (Bible: Psalms 2:7) as well. The creatures of God are usually referred to in the Bible as children of God.

 

The role of Paul of Tarsus in shaping this belief and the belief in Trinity

 

The notion of Jesus as son of God is something that was established under the influence of Paul of Tarsus (originally named Saul), who had been an enemy of Jesus, but later changed course and joined the disciples after the departure of Jesus.

 

Later, however, he initiated a number of changes into early Christian teachings, in contradiction, for instance, to disciples like Barnabas, who believed in the Oneness of God and who had actually lived and met with Jesus.

 

Paul is considered by a number of Christian scholars to be the father of Christianity due to his additions of the following ideas:

 

            that Jesus is the son of God

 

            the concept of Atonement,

 

            the renunciation of the Law of the Torah.

 

Paul did these things in hopes of winning over the Gentiles (non-Jewish people). His letters are another of the primary sources of information on Jesus according to the Christian tradition.

 

The original followers of Prophet Jesus opposed these blatant misrepresentations of the message of Jesus. They struggled to reject the notion of the Divinity of Jesus for close to 200 years.

 

One person who was an original follower of Jesus was Barnabas. He was a Jew born in Cyrus and a successful preacher of the teachings of Jesus. Because of his closeness to Jesus, he was an important member of the small group of disciples in Jerusalem who had had gathered together following the disappearance of Jesus.

 

The question of Jesus's nature, origin and relationship with God was not raised amongst Barnabas and the small group of disciples. Jesus was considered a man miraculously endowed by God. Nothing in the words of Jesus or the events in his life led them to modify this view.

 

The Gospel of Barnabas was accepted as a Canonical Gospel in the Churches of Alexandria till 325 CE Iranaeus (130-200) wrote in support of pure monotheism and opposed Paul for injecting into Christianity doctrines of the pagan Roman religion and Platonic philosophy. He quoted extensively from the Gospel of Barnabas in support of his views. This indicates that the Gospel of Barnabas was in circulation in the first and second centuries of Christianity.

 

In 325 (CE), a council of Christian leaders met at Nicaea and made Paul's beliefs officially part of Christian doctrine. It also ordered that all original Gospels in Hebrew script which contradicted Paul's beliefs should be destroyed. An edict was issued that anyone in possession of these Gospels would be put to death.

 

The Gospel of Barnabas has miraculously survived though.

 

7. Do Christians believe he was killed on the cross? YES

 

This is a core Christian belief and it relates to the concept of atonement. According to this belief, Jesus died to save mankind from sin. However, this is not stated explicitly in the four gospels which form the primary source texts of Christianity. It is found, however, in Romans 6:8,9.

 

Christians believe Jesus was spat on, cut, humiliated, kicked, striped and finally hung up on the cross to endure a slow and painful death.

 

According, to Christian belief, the original sin of Adam and Eve of eating from the forbidden tree was so great that God could not forgive it by simply willing it, rather it was necessary to erase it with the blood of a sinless, innocent Jesus.

 

Resurrection

 

The four Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul are the main sources of Christianity which discuss the Resurrection of Jesus after his crucifixion. According to St. Matthew, Jesus appeared to the holy women, and again on a mountain in Galilee. Mark's Gospel tells a different story: Jesus was seen by Mary Magdalene, by the two disciples at Emmaus, and the Eleven before his Ascension into heaven.

 

Luke's Gospel says Jesus walked with the disciples to Emmaus, appeared to Peter and to the assembled disciples in Jerusalem. In John's Gospel, Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene, to the ten Apostles on Easter Sunday, to the Eleven a week later, and to seven disciples at the Sea of Tiberias.

 

Another account of the resurrection by St. Paul is found in Bible: Corinthians 15: 3-8.

 

According to Christian belief, Resurrection is a manifestation of God's justice, Who exalted Christ to a life of glory, as Christ had humbled himself unto death (Phil., 2: 8-9). This event also completes the mystery of Christian salvation and redemption. The death of Jesus frees believers from sin, and with his resurrection, he restores to them the most important privileges lost by sin (Bible: Romans 4:25).

 

More importantly, the belief in the resurrection of Jesus indicates Christian acknowledgment of Christ as the immortal God, the cause of believers' own resurrection (Bible: I Corinthians 4: 21; Phil., 3:20-21), as well as the model and the support of a new life of grace (Bible: Romans 4: 4-6; 9-11).



The Testimony of Leading Theologians and Biblical Scholars on the Doctrine of the Trinity

 

Quran The Final Testament

29 أغسطس 2012  · 

‏‎Answering Christanity‎‏ مع ‏‎Zafra Yousuf-Ramon‎‏ و‏

‏٢‏ آخرين

‏.

29 أغسطس 2012  · 

The Testimony of Leading Theologians and Biblical Scholars on the Doctrine of the Trinity

Some christians come on this page and they start interpret Bible's texts according to what they have been taught on sunday evening from their priests, for the christian the trinity is always is unclear issue when he start asking they told him the human mind can't understand this great Godhead just believe and have faith on trinity and believe that Jesus your savior then you will enter the kingdom of God, as you see the whole issue is just about faith as other before them had faith hindu trinity egyptien trinity babylon trinity.

The Old Testament

“A search of the Hebrew Scriptures for any sign of a duality or Trinity of divine personsactive in the creation will provide fruitless. To propose a Godhead of more than one person would require us to cast aside the rules of language and grammar. Responsiblehistorians, both secular and religious, agree that the Jews of Jesus’ time held firmly tofaith in a unipersonal God. It is one of the great ironies of history that Christiantheologians have denied the Jews the right to explain the meaning of God in their ownScriptures.”--Sir Anthony F. Buzzard and Charles F. Hunting,

The Doctrine of the Trinity:Christianity’s Self-Inflicted Wound

(Oxford: International Scholars Publications, 1998),29.

“There is in the Old Testament no indication of distinctions in the Godhead; it is ananachronism to find either the doctrine of the Incarnation or that of the Trinity in its pages.”--W.T. Davison, “God (Biblical and Christian),”

Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics(T&T Clark, 1913) 6:252-269

“Theologians today are in agreement that the Hebrew Bible does not contain a doctrine of the Trinity.”4

The Encyclopedia of Religion

, ed. Mircea Eliade, Macmillan Publishing Company,1987, 15:54

“The doctrine of the Trinity is not taught in the Old Testament.”--

New Catholic Encyclopedia

, Pub. Guild., 1967, 14:306.

“The Old Testament tells us nothing explicitly or by necessary implication of a TriuneGod who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit…

There is no evidence that any sacred writer even suspected the existence of a [Trinity] within the Godhead…

Even to see in the OldTestament suggestions or foreshadowings or ‘veiled signs’ of the Trinity of persons, is togo beyond the words and intent of the sacred writers.”--Edmund J. Fortman,

The Triune God

, Baker Book House, 1972, xv, 8, 9.

“The Old Testament can scarcely be used as authority for the existence of distinctionswithin the Godhead.”--A.B. Davidson, “God”,

Hastings Dictionary of the Bible

, Charles Scribner’s Sons,1911, 2:205

“It cannot be proved, out of the whole number of passages in the Old Testament in whichthe Holy Spirit is mentioned, that this is a person in the Godhead; and it is now the almostuniversally received opinion of learned commentators, that, in the language of the Jews,the ‘Holy Spirit’ means nothing more than divine inspiration, without any reference to a person.”--J.D. Michaelis,

Remarks

on John 16:13-15, cited by Wilson,

Unitarian PrinciplesConfirmed by Trinitarian Testimonies

, 477

“The Old Testament is strictly monotheistic. God is a single personal being. The ideathat a Trinity is to be found there or even in any way shadowed forth, is an assumptionthat has long held sway in theology, but is utterly without foundation. The Jews, as a people, under its teachings became stern opponents of all polytheistic tendencies, andthey have remained unflinching monotheists to this day. On this point there is no break between the Old Testament Scriptures and the New. The monotheistic tradition iscontinued. Jesus was a Jew, trained by Jewish parents in the Old Testament Scriptures.His teaching was Jewish to the core; a new gospel indeed, but not a new theology.”--L.L. Paine,

A Critical History of the Evolution of Trinitarianism

(Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin and Co., 1902), 4.

The New Testament

“Nowhere does the New Testament identify Jesus with God.”--William Barclay,A Spiritual Autobiography

(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 50

“Paul never equates Jesus with God.”--Professor W.R. Matthews

“Apparently Paul did not call Jesus God.”--Sydney Cave,

The Doctrine of the Person of Christ

(Duckworth, 1925), 48

“Paul habitually differentiates Christ from God.”--C.J. Cadoux,

A Pilgrim’s Further Progress: Dialogues on Christian Teaching

(Blackwell, 1943), 40-42.

“Paul neither calls [Jesus] God, nor identifies him anywhere with God. It is true he doesGod’s work; he is certainly God’s supernatural agent, who acts because of God’sinitiative.”--Frances Young, “A Cloud of Witnesses,”

The Myth of God Incarnate, 21.

“St. Paul never gives to Christ the name or description of God…Reviewing the whole of Paul’s utterances regarding Christ, the total impression is that of a monotheisticconviction consistently resisting the impulse to do this very thing – to call Jesus God.”--Anderson Scott, “Christology,”

Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, 1:194.

“All New Testament Christology is subordinationist [supporting the belief that the Son isnot equal with the Father].”--I. Howard Marshall, book review of Jervell,

The Theology of the Acts of the Apostles

, inEvangelical Quarterly70:1, Jan. 1998, 76.

”Ho Theos

[God] is never used in the New Testament to speak of thepneuma hagion[Holy Spirit].”--Karl Rahner,

Theological Investigations

(Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1963), 1:143.

“Theologically considered, the Trinity grew out of a syncretism of Judaism andChristianity with Hellenism and a resulting combination of Jewish and Christianmonotheism with Hellenistic monism…What the theologian thus discovers poses aquestion to theology about the legitimacy of such a construct. When it is clear – andthere is no way around this -that Jesus himself knew only the God of Israel, whom hecalled Father, and knew nothing abut his own later ‘being made God,’ what right have weto call the doctrine of the Trinity normative and binding on Christians?...However weinterpret the various stages of the development of the Trinity, it is clear that this doctrine,which became ‘dogma’ in the East and West has no biblical basis and cannot be tracedcontinuously back to the New Testament…Gradually, theology must face the facts.”--Karl-Heinz Ohlig,Ein Gott in drei Personen? Vom Vater zum “Myserium” der Trinitat

Mainz: Matthias Grunewald-Verlag, 1999, 123-125, translated by Anthony F. Buzzardand Charles F. Hunting

“The history of Christian theology and of dogma teaches us to regard the dogma of theTrinity as the distinctive element in the Christian idea of God….On the other hand wemust honestly admit that the doctrine of the Trinity did not form part of the earlyChristian New Testament…it was never the intent of the original witnesses to Christ inthe New Testament to set before us the intellectual problem – that of three divine persons – and then to tell us silently to worship this mystery of three-in-one. There is no trace of such an idea in the New Testament. This ‘mysterioum logicum,’ the fact that God is threeyet one, lies wholly outside the message of the Bible. It is a mystery which the Church places before the faithful in her theology…but which has n connection with the messageof Jesus and the Apostles. No Apostle would have dreamt of thinking that here are threedivine persons whose mutual relations and paradoxical unity are beyond our understanding. The mystery of the Trinity…is a pseudo-mystery which sprang out of anaberration in logical thought from the lines laid down in the Bible, and not from the biblical doctrine itself.”--Emil Brunner,

Christian Doctrine of God, Dogmatics

(Westminster Press, 1950), 1:205,226, 238

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