The SHAPE OF THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL

 

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Islam and Science - IIN

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بسم اللہ الرحمٰن الرحیم

53:1٫2٫3٫4

By the stars when they fade away!

2:

Your fellow man is neither misguided nor astray.

3:Nor does he speak of his own whims.

4:It is only a revelation sent down ˹to him˺.

Deuteronomy 18:18

I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.

Qur'an And science

Quran is a miracle. And this is not a science book. There is a book of signs.

Allah says in the Quran

We will show them Our signs in the universe and in their own selves, until it becomes manifest to them that this (the Quran) is the truth” (Quran; 41:53).

The SHAPE OF THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL

causes the day to enter the night and has subjected the sun and the moon, each running [its course] for a specified term, and that Allah, with whatever you do, is Acquainted? }

[Al-Qur’an 31:29]

Merging here means that the night slowly and gradually changes to day and vice versa. This phenomenon can only take place if the earth is spherical. If the earth was flat, there would have been a sudden change from night to day and from day to night. The following verse also alludes to the spherical shape of the earth:

{ He created the heavens and earth in truth. He wraps the night over the day and wraps the day over the night and has subjected the sun and the moon, each running [its course] for a specified term. Unquestionably, He is the Exalted in Might, the Perpetual Forgiver.}

[Al-Qur’an 39:5]

The Arabic word used here is Kawwara meaning ‘to overlap’ or ‘to coil’– the way a turban is wound around the head. The overlapping or coiling of the day and night can only take place if the earth is spherical.

The earth is not exactly round like a ball, but geo-spherical, i.e. it is flattened at the poles. The following verse contains a description of the earth’s shape:

{ And after that He spread the earth.}

[Al-Qur’an 79:30]

The Arabic word for egg here is dahaahaa1 which means an ostrich-egg. The shape of an ostrich-egg resembles the geo-spherical shape of the earth. Thus the Qur’an correctly describes the shape of the earth, though the prevalent notion when the Qur’an was revealed was that the earth was flat.

How did al-Biruni measure the earth?

There were great men, who accomplished great feats without modern equipment and computers and developed almost accurate measurements of the earth, alchemical formulas and mathematical principles on which the edifice of science stands today. Surprisingly, today NASA with its space planet and latest technology, the radius of the earth viz

The radius gives 6371 km, which Abu Rehan al-Biruni measured with amazing accuracy almost a thousand years ago, which is 6335 km. Now the question arises that how Albiruni made this measurement? Before al-Biruni, Ma'mun al-Rashid commissioned two groups of experts to measure the land.

These experts traveled north and south across the desert and determined the radius of the earth by repeatedly measuring the angle of the sun at noon.

First of all know about Albiruni

How did you measure the land?

Al-Biruni also wanted to follow in the footsteps of these experts and do the pumice of the land with more accuracy and precision, but he could not do it due to the lack of capital and the difficult and dangerous work of traveling in the desert. Alberoni then measured the earth using algebra and geometry and discovered a method that was relatively simple and highly efficient in terms of results.

Al-Biruni chose a hill to measure the angle of the horizon. After choosing a hill, the second step was to measure the height of the hill. For this Albiruni stood at some distance from the hill and found the first angle (θ 1) of the top of the hill from the ground, then measured the distance d and found the second angle (θ 2), then these two known angles and The height of the hill was determined by giving the value of the distance d between them in the relevant formula.

Al-Biruni used an instrument called astrolabe to determine angles.

An astrolabe is an instrument with a large dial, with a clock-like knob in the middle. To determine the angle of a hilltop from the ground, Albiruni aligned the two ends of a needle-shaped knob with the top of the hill. Just as a gun is aimed by sight, when all three are aligned, the angle is noted by looking at the degrees written on the dial.

In this way the roundness of the earth was estimated.

although Ibn Taymiyyah has quoted from his Mashaikhs that the consensus of the scholars has been that the earth is round:

الْعُلَمَاءِ الْمَشْهُورِينَ بِمَعْرِفَةِ الْآثَارِ وَالتَّصَانِيفِ الْكِبَارِ فِي فُنُونِ الْعُلُومِ الدِّينِيَّةِ مِنْ الطَّبَقَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ أَحْمَد: لَا خِلَافَ بَيْنِ الْعُلَمَاءِ أَنَّ السَّمَاءَ عَلَى مِثَالِ الْكَرَّةِ

Imam Abul Husayn Ahmad bin Jafar bin Manadi, who was one of the famous scholars, who wrote great works in the arts of religious sciences, and who was from the second class among the companions of Ahmad bin Hanbal, said: There is no difference between the scholars. That the sky is like a ball. Ibn Taymiyyah further wrote:

وَالْبَحْرِ مِثْلُ الْكُرَةِ. قَالَ: وَيَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ أَنَّ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ وَالْكَوَاكِبَ لَا يُوجَدُ طُلُوعُهَا وَغُرُوبُهَا عَلَى جَمِيعِ مَنْ فِي نَوَاحِي الْأَرْضِ فِي وَقْتٍ وَاحِدٍ بَلْ عَلَى الْمَشْرِقِ قَبْلَ الْمَغْرِبِ.

And he said: The consensus of such scholars is that the earth is like a ball in all its movements, including the land and the sea. He said: And it is argued that the sun, the moon and the stars do not rise and set at the same time in all regions of the earth, rather they do so in the east first than in the west. (2) And mention the manner of that in the second place (3) In addition, Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi (died 456 Hijri) writes:

مطلب بَيَان كروية الأَرْض

قَالَ أَبُو مُحَمَّد وَهَذَا حِين نَأْخُذ إِن شَاءَ الله تَعَالَى فِي ذكر بعض مَا اعْترضُوا بِهِ وَذَلِكَ أَنهم قَالُوا إِن الْبَرَاهِين قد صحت بِأَن الأَرْض كروية والعامة تَقول غير ذَلِك وجوابنا وَبِاللَّهِ تَعَالَى التَّوْفِيق إِن أحد من أَئِمَّة الْمُسلمين الْمُسْتَحقّين لاسم الْإِمَامَة بِالْعلمِ رَضِي الله عَنْهُم لم ينكروا تكوير الأَرْض وَلَا يحفظ لأحد مِنْهُم فِي دَفعه كلمة بل الْبَرَاهِين من الْقُرْآن وَالسّنة قد جَاءَت بتكويرها

Abu Muhammad said: And here, God willing, we will mention some of the things that people object to (the roundness of the earth), and this is how they say: Brahin are correct that the earth is round, and ordinary people do the opposite. And our answer is: By the grace of Allah, not one of the Imams among the Muslims, who is worthy of the name of Imamate because of knowledge, may Allah be pleased with him, denied that the earth is round, and neither did he. In response to this, I remembered a tradition, rather, from the Qur'an and the Sunnah, twelve people say that the earth is round. (4)

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